Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2017 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 7 Articles
The Thoothukudi District is characterized by different geological formations and groundwater is the major source for domestic, agricultural and other water related activities. 100 groundwater samples collected from this area during Pre monsoon (PRM) and Post monsoon (POM). Chemical data were used for mathematical calculations and graphical plots to understand the chemical process like such as Ca2+ + Mg2+ versus SO2-4 + HCO-3 scatter diagram indicate that majority of the samples in ion exchange process due to an excess of SO2-4 + HCO-3 during PRM compared to POM. The (Ca2+ +Mg2+) versus TZ+ plot for both seasons reveals higher Ca2+ and Mg2+ leaching due to silicate mineral weathering from aquifer matrix of the study area. The plot for (Na+ + K+) versus TZ+ indicates weathering process of both alkali and alkali earth from feldspars along with additional sources like contribution from alkali/saline soil and residence time. Na+ versus Cl- plot shows most of the groundwater samples lay above the 1:1 trend line during PRM compared to POM seasons due to excess sodium, which might have come from silicate weathering. Overall, results indicate that different natural hydrogeochemical processes such as simple weathering of carbonate minerals and silicate weathering are the key factors during PRM compared to POM due to dilution effect after rainfall....
The present study focuses on a total of 30 groundwater samples were collected from the Gingee Taluk of the Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu, India and analyzed for major cations and anions during December 2016. The ions analyzed were used to determine the drinking, agricultural and domestic utility of groundwater. The water quality index contour shows that the groundwater quality is poor along the central part of the study area. Sodium percentage (Na%), sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, USSL, Wilcox, Doneen and corrosivity ratio also indicate that most of the groundwater samples are unsuitable for irrigation and domestic purposes....
The consumption of non-potable water is the main cause of mortality and\nmorbidity in the world [1]. 88% of diarrhea cases worldwide are attributed to\nunsafe drinking water; inadequate sanitation or inadequate is responsible for\n1.5 million of deaths every year, mostly in children [1] [2]. Household waste.\nLeachate can be considered among the potential sectors that can contribute to\nthe degradation of water quality and soil. To this end, we selected physicochemical\ninorganic elements like indicator of pollution in the neighboring\ngroundwater discharge of the water table in the region of Ouled Berjal to assess\nthe quality of the region�s water wells in M�nasra. The wells in full discharge\nhave a very high pollution levels and water collected from wells located\nright near the discharge of Ouled Berjal shows lower levels of contamination.\nSo the well water away from the landfill is quite low compared to the other\ngroups....
Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality characteristics is an\nessential aspect for evaluating water pollution due to both natural and anthropogenic\ninfluences on water resources. In this study, temporal variations\nof water quality in river Rwizi section within Mbarara municipality, Uganda,\nwere assessed using multivariate statistical methods. This river section is a\nmajor source of water for the inhabitants of Mbarara municipality. Water\nsamples from five sites were analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as\npH, EC, turbidity, temperature, TSS, TDS, alkalinity, salinity, colour, NH3-N,\n24\nSO âË?â?? , total hardness, BOD, COD, DO, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn. About 50% of\nsites recorded colour above 800 Pt Co, 60% of sites recorded turbidity above\nmaximum permissible limit of 100 mg/l, attributable to erosion and mineral\nmatter. pH for dry season ranged between 6.5 and 8.5 whereas for rainy season\nwas below 6.0. All study sites recorded total Fe above 0.3 mg/l and Mn\nbelow 0.5 mg/l, attributable to chemical weathering of host rock materials as\nwell as from industrial effluent. About 60% of sites recorded COD above 100\nmg/l, 40% and 80% of study sites showed BOD above 50 mg/l in dry and rainy\nseasons respectively. Hardness ranged between 50 and 100 mg/l indicating\nthat the water is moderately soft. Colour, turbidity, alkalinity, TSS, TDS, salinity,\npH, hardness, Fe, Mn, NH3-N, BOD, COD, and DO were higher in\nrainy season, as a result of erosion, discharge of domestic and industrial waste.\nMg, Ca, and 24\nSO âË?â?? were higher during dry season due to high evaporation of\nwater from the river. PCA/FA determined that 81.2% of the total variance was\nexplained by the first factor for the dry season and 69.2% for rain season.\nThese results revealed that water pollution resulted primarily from domestic\nwaste water, agricultural runoff and industrial effluents....
A model was developed to generate charts that fit the conditions as diverse\ntemperatures and ionic strengths, and that estimate the diversified state of\nwater. The chart can be used as a tool for controlling corrosive waters resulted\nin internal corrosion and the model producing charts composed of a number\nof sub modules, and each module incorporated parameters including acidity,\nalkalinity, pH, and calcium ion. Utilizing the chart water quality of the raw\nwater in G water purification works was estimated to be unsaturated and\nLangelier index becomes âË?â??1.4 which means that the water is highly corrosive\nand calcium carbonate would not be precipitated. Thus, the water requires\ntreatment as the injection of water stabilizing chemicals to promote an oversaturated\n(protective) condition. As a result of adding 5 mg/L of lime, it is\npossible to be precipitated with 5 mg/L, and the water becomes noncorrosive.\nIn addition, when 5 mg/L of caustic soda is added as a conditioning chemical,\nit signifies to be precipitated with 9 mg/L, and the water also turns out to be\nlargely noncorrosive. Both chemicals are possible to use for the water to be\nfavorable for the formation of a protective film. Optimum injection rate for\ncontrolling corrosion can be found by repeating the procedures until the\nwell-conditioned water criteria are satisfied....
Stormwater runoff is often contaminated by human activities. Stormwater discharge into\nwater bodies significantly contributes to environmental pollution. The choice of suitable treatment\ntechnologies is dependent on the pollutant concentrations. Wastewater quality indicators such as\nbiochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS),\nand total dissolved solids (TDS) give a measure of the main pollutants. The aim of this study is\nto provide an indirect methodology for the estimation of the main wastewater quality indicators,\nbased on some characteristics of the drainage basin. The catchment is seen as a black box: the\nphysical processes of accumulation, washing, and transport of pollutants are not mathematically\ndescribed.Two models deriving from studies on artificial intelligence have been used in this research:\nSupport Vector Regression (SVR) and Regression Trees (RT). Both the models showed robustness,\nreliability, and high generalization capability. However, with reference to coefficient of determination\nR2 and root-mean square error, Support Vector Regression showed a better performance than\nRegression Tree in predicting TSS, TDS, and COD. As regards BOD5, the two models showed a\ncomparable performance. Therefore, the considered machine learning algorithms may be useful for\nproviding an estimation of the values to be considered for the sizing of the treatment units in absence\nof direct measures....
Seasonal variations in the physico-chemical characteristics studied in the estuary showed significant changes. The surface water temperature (°C) was found to vary from 35.07±2.54 to 21.54±0.12, rainfall (mm) from 236.93±168.91 to 9.66±16.74, salinity (PSU) from 35.22±0.14 to 7.47±2.63, pH from 8.30±0.03 to 6.86±0.15, dissolved oxygen (DO-ml/l) from 6.18±0.02 to 0.92±0.06 and petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC µg/l) from 14±1.63 to 1.4±0.37. Temperature, salinity and pH decreased during monsoon season. Rainfall, DO and PHC levels were higher during this season. The water quality in this estuary was found to have been impaired due to anthropogenic activities....
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